CLOUD COMPUTING - 1
by
Dr. S K Nayak
Table of Contents
Major milestones cloud computing technology 15
Technology behind cloud computing 18
Characteristics of virtualization 29
Taxonomy of virtualization techniques 34
Understanding Amazon Web Services 41
Amazon Web Service Components and Services 41
Requests will occasionally fail. 51
Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) 52
Syllabus Cloud computing
OECS63-:3Credit-3
Course Objective: This course gives students an insight into the basics of cloud computing along with virtualization, cloud computing is one of the fastest growing domain from a while now. It will provide the students basic understanding about cloud and virtualization along with it how one can migrate over it. Module-I
10 Hrs
Evolution of Computing Paradigms - Overview of Existing Hosting Platforms, Grid Computing, Utility Computing, Autonomic Computing, Dynamic Datacenter Alliance, Hosting/ Outsourcing, Introduction to Cloud Computing, Workload Patterns for the Cloud, “Big Data”, IT as a Service, Technology Behind Cloud Computing,
Module-II 10 Hrs
A Classification of Cloud Implementations- Amazon Web Services - IaaS, The Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), The Simple Storage Service (S3), The Simple Queuing Services (SQS), VMware v Cloud - IaaS, v Cloud Express, Google AppEngine - PaaS, The Java Runtime Environment.
Module-III 10 Hrs
The Python Runtime Environment- The Datastore, Development Workflow, Windows Azure Platform - PaaS, Windows Azure, SQL Azure, Windows Azure AppFabric, Salesforce.com - SaaS / PaaS, Force.com, Force Database - the persistency layer, Data Security, Microsoft Office Live - SaaS, LiveMesh.com, Google Apps - SaaS, A Comparison of Cloud Computing Platforms, Common Building Blocks.
Module-IV 8
Cloud Security – Infrastructure security – Data security – Identity and access management Privacy- Audit and Compliance.
Text Book: Kai Hwang, Geoffrey C. Fox and Jack J. Dongarra, “Distributed and Cloud Computing
. from Parallel Processing to the Internet of Things”, Morgan Kaufmann, Elsevier, 2012 Reference Books
Barrie Sosinsky, “Cloud Computing Bible” John Wiley & Sons, 2010
Tim Mather, Subra Kumaraswamy, and Shahed Latif, “Cloud Security and Privacy An enterprise Perspective on Risks and Compliance”, O'Reilly 2009
Mastering Cloud Computing by Rajkumar Buyya
Objective
Basic cloud computing Services
Virtualization Cloud security
And migrating to cloud
Introduction
Computing technology
Last 60 years computing technology has been changed significantly.
Evolutionary changes – machine architecture (Stored procedures, parallelism, processor parallelism, operating system (serial processing, batch processing, multi programmed batch system, distributed system, time shared, real time OS), network connectivity, application workload.
Modern world of computing
Last 30 years evolutionary changes in computing system has been done From centralized computing to parallel distributed and cloud computing. Which uses multiple computers to solve large scale problems. So distributed computing becomes data intensive and network centric. So large scale internet applications has changed the quality of life and services.
World of internet
Billions of people use Text, hypertext, multimedia, blogs
Has influenced every aspect of life science, engineering, communication, medicine, marketing , manufacturing
Internet changed the way we use marketing, reading books, give opinion, financial transaction, trade.
What Internet has changed
Simultaneously it has changed the way of software engineering
So internet is characterized by data intensiveness, network intensiveness, unpredictable load, concurrency, availability.
For this reason super computing sites and large data centres (large data set) must provide High performance computing (HPC)
HPC
So HPC emphasizes the raw speed performance.
Speed was the driving force from scientific, engineering and manufacturing community.
Top 500 high performance computers have been ranked based on floating point speed.
But due to network intensiveness, computing is also moving towards High Throughput Computing (HTC)
HTC
But high throughput computing is required in high end market oriented computing systems.
It pays more attention towards internet searches and web services.
So performance goal is measured and more optimal in HTC.
Lastly not only performance but also it intends towards cost, energy saving, security and reliability.
Computing Paradigms
High technology community have argued a precise definition of centralized, parallel computing, distributed computing and cloud computing as:
All resources are centralized in one physical system
All memory, processors and storage are fully shared
tightly coupled within one integrated OS
all processors are either tightly coupled with centralized shared memory or loosely coupled with distributed memory.
Inter processor communication is accomplished through shared memory or via message passing.
multiple autonomous computers, each having its own private memory, communicating through a computer network.
Information exchange in a distributed system is accomplished through message passing.
resources can be either a centralized or a distributed computing system.
The cloud applies parallel or distributed computing, or both.
Clouds can be built with physical or virtualized resource
Summary
distributed computing is opposite of centralized.
Parallel computing fields overlap distributed computing.
Cloud computing overlaps distributed, parallel and centralized computing.
Different computing models
All machines on that network work under the same protocol to act as a virtual supercomputer.
Group of networked computers which work together as a virtual supercomputer to perform large tasks, such as analyzing huge sets of data or weather modeling.
Autonomic Computing is a type of visionary computing that has been started by IBM.
This is made to make adaptive decisions that use high-level policies.
It has a feature of constant up-gradation of decisions using optimization and adaptation.
Utility Computing
Utility computing is a service provisioning model where a provider makes computing resources, infrastructure management and technical services available to customers as they need them.
Sometimes known as pay-per-use or metered services ex: internet service, website access, file sharing.
Similar model has been adopted in cloud computing also.
Cloud computing similarly allows renting infrastructure, runtime environments, and services on a pay per-use basis.
Clouds are characterized by the fact of having virtually infinite capacity, being tolerant to failures.
What Is a Data Center
At its simplest, a data center is a physical facility that organizations use to house their critical applications and data.
Why important
In the world of enterprise IT, data centers are designed to support business applications and activities that include:
Email and file sharing
Productivity applications
Customer relationship management (CRM)
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) and databases
Big data, artificial intelligence, and machine learning
Virtual desktops, communications and collaboration services
The basic premise of Dynamic Data Center is that leveraging pooled IT resources can provide flexible IT capacity.
enabling the seamless, real-time allocation of IT resources in line with demand from business processes.
Big data is a combination of structured, semi structured and unstructured data collected by organizations.
Mined for information
Used in machine learning projects, predictive modeling and other advanced analytic applications.
the large volume of data in many environments
the wide variety of data types frequently stored in big data systems
the velocity at which much of the data is generated, collected and processed.
Recent Computing model
Now Computing is being transformed into a model consisting of services that are commoditized and delivered in a manner similar to utilities such as water, electricity, gas, and telephony.
In such a model, users access services based on their requirements, regardless of where the services are hosted.
Cloud computing is the most recent emerging paradigm promising to turn the vision of “computing utilities” into a reality.
Vision
Leonard Kleinrock, of (ARPANET), which seeded the Internet, said:
As of now, computer networks are still in their infancy, but as they grow up and become sophisticated, we will probably see the spread of ‘computer utilities’ which, like present electric and telephone utilities, will service individual homes and offices across the country.
Cloud computing vision
Cloud computing provisions virtual hardware, runtime environments, and services.
These are used for as long as needed, with no up-front commitments required.
The entire stack of a computing system is transformed into a collection of utilities.
which can be provisioned and composed together to deploy systems in hours rather than days with virtually no maintenance costs.
Idea of cloud computing
Modern world is moving towards Computational science that is changing to be data-intensive.
In the future, working with large data sets will typically mean sending the computations (programs) to the data, rather than copying the data to the workstations.
Trend in IT of moving computing and data from desktops to large data centers.
there is on-demand provision of software, hardware, and data as a service.
Defining a cloud
The term cloud is used to refer to different technologies, services, and concepts.
It is often associated with:
virtualized infrastructure or hardware on demand, utility computing, IT outsourcing, platform as a service and software as a service, other things that now are the focus of the IT industry.
Definition
Cloud computing refers to both the applications delivered as services over the Internet and the hardware, system software in the data centers that provide those services.
U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST): Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on- demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.
What it means
Cloud computing is the most recent emerging paradigm promising to turn the vision of “computing utilities” into a reality.
Cloud computing is a technological advancement that focuses on the way we design computing systems, develop applications, and leverage existing services for building software.
Based on the concept of dynamic provisioning, which is applied not only to services but also to compute capability, storage, networking, and information technology(IT) infrastructure in general.
Resources are made available through the Internet and offered on a pay-per-use basis from cloud computing vendors.
Today, anyone can subscribe to cloud services and deploy and configure servers for an application in hours its application according to the demand, and paying only for the time these resources have been used.
Who are benefited
Cloud computing allows renting infrastructure, runtime environments, and services on a pay-per-use basis.
This finds several practical applications and then gives different images of cloud computing to different people.
IT officers of large enterprises see opportunities for scaling their infrastructure on demand and sizing it according to their business needs.
End users leveraging cloud computing services can access their documents and data anytime, anywhere, and from any device connected to the Internet.
What it Describes
Cloud computing is a technological advancement and described as a phenomenon touching on the entire computing stack: from the underlying hardware to the high-level software services and applications.
It introduces the concept of everything as a service, mostly referred as XaaS where the different components of a system—IT infrastructure, development platforms, databases, and so on—can be delivered, measured, and consequently priced as a service.
This new approach significantly influences not only the way that we build software but also
the way we deploy it.
the way we make it accessible.
the way we design our IT infrastructure.
even the way companies allocate the costs for IT needs..
Major milestones cloud computing technology
mainframe computing, cluster computing, and grid computing.
These were the first examples of large computational facilities leveraging multiple processing units. Mainframes were powerful, highly reliable computers specialized for large data movement and massive input/output (I/O) operations.
They were mostly used by large organizations for bulk data processing tasks such as online transactions, enterprise resource planning.
Even though mainframes cannot be considered distributed systems, they offered large computational power by using multiple processors, which were presented as a single entity to users.
One of the most attractive features of mainframes was the ability to be highly reliable computers that were “always on” and capable of tolerating failures transparently.
No system shutdown was required to replace failed components, and the system could work without interruption.
Cluster computing started as a low-cost alternative to the use of mainframes and supercomputers.
The technology advancement that created faster and more powerful mainframes and supercomputers eventually generated an increased availability of cheap commodity machines.
Cluster technology contributed considerably to the evolution of tools and frameworks for distributed computing.
One of the attractive features of clusters Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) and Message Passing Interface (MPI).
Initially developed as aggregations of geographically dispersed clusters by means of Internet connections.
These clusters belonged to different organizations, and arrangements were made among them to share the computational power.
Technology behind cloud computing
Five core technologies that played an important role in the realization of cloud computing. These technologies are distributed systems, virtualization, Web 2.0, service orientation, and utility computing.
Distributed systems
Proposed by Tanenbaum:
A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appears to its users as a single coherent system.
Distributed systems often exhibit other properties such as heterogeneity, openness, scalability, transparency, concurrency, continuous availability, and independent failures.
The primary purpose of distributed systems is to share resources and utilize them better.
This is true in the case of cloud computing, where this concept is taken to the extreme and resources (infrastructure, runtime environments, and services) are rented to users.
Clouds are essentially large distributed computing facilities that make available their services to third parties on demand.
In fact, one of the driving factors of cloud computing has been the availability of the large computing facilities of IT giants (Amazon, Google) that found that offering their computing capabilities as a service provided opportunities to better utilize their infrastructure.
Web 2.0
The Web is the primary interface through which cloud computing delivers its services.
that facilitate interactive information sharing, collaboration, user-centered design, and application composition.
At present, Web encompasses a set of technologies and services
This evolution has transformed the Web into a rich platform for application development and is known as Web 2.0
Web 2.0 brings interactivity and flexibility into Web pages, providing enhanced user experience by gaining Web-based access to all the functions that are normally found in desktop applications.
These capabilities are obtained by integrating a collection of standards and technologies such as XML, Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX), Web Services, and others. These technologies allow us to build applications leveraging the contribution of users, who now become providers of content. Furthermore, the capillary diffusion of the Internet opens new opportunities and markets.
Web 2.0 applications are extremely dynamic.
they improve continuously, and new updates and features are integrated at a constant rate by following the usage trend of the community.
There is no need to deploy new software releases on the installed base at the client side. Users can take advantage of the new software features simply by interacting with cloud applications.
New applications can be “synthesized” simply by composing existing services and integrating them, thus providing added value. Finally, Web 2.0 applications aim to leverage the “long tail” of Internet users by making themselves available to everyone in terms of either media accessibility or affordability.
Examples of Web 2.0 applications are Google Documents, Google Maps, Flickr, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, delicious, Blogger, and Wikipedia.
Today it is a mature platform that strongly supports the needs of cloud computing, which strongly leverages Web 2.0. Applications
service orientation
A service is an abstraction representing a self-describing and platform-agnostic component.
For example, multiple business processes in an organization require the user authentication functionality. Instead of rewriting the authentication code for all business processes, you can create a single authentication service and reuse it for all applications,
Similarly, almost all systems across a healthcare organization, such as patient management systems and electronic health record (EHR) systems, need to register patients. These systems can call a single, common service to perform the patient registration task.
It can perform any function—anything from a simple function to a complex business process.
Any piece of code that performs a task can be turned into a service and expose its functionalities through a network-accessible protocol.
A service is supposed to be loosely coupled, reusable, programming language independent, and location transparent function.
Loose coupling allows services to serve different scenarios more easily and makes them reusable.
Independence from a specific platform
Services are composed and aggregated into a service-oriented architecture (SOA)
which is a logical way of organizing software systems to provided to end users or other entities distributed over the network
Service-oriented computing introduces and diffuses two important concepts, which are also fundamental to cloud computing:
quality of service (QoS)
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).
Quality of service (QoS)
Quality of service (QoS) refers to any technology that manages data traffic to reduce packet loss, latency and jitter on a network.
QoS controls and manages network resources by setting priorities for specific types of data on the network.
Quality of service (QoS) identifies a set of functional and nonfunctional attributes that can be used to evaluate the behavior of a service from different perspectives.
Software-as-a-Service
The concept of Software-as-a-Service introduces a new delivery model for applications.
The term has been inherited from the world of application service providers (ASPs), which deliver software services-based solutions across the wide area network from a central datacenter
Take control of your organization's learning initiatives with Helms Portal, a comprehensive SaaS learning management system. saas learning management system Offering cloud-based accessibility and powerful features, it helps you monitor employee training, manage content, and achieve success faster
ReplyDeleteHelms Portal is the go-to SaaS Learning Management System for businesses in Bangalore SaaS LMS in Bangalore Our intuitive platform supports end-to-end training management, from course creation to learner assessment. Designed for diverse industries, it offers flexibility, scalability, and a rich learning experience. Automate workflows, track progress, and access detailed analytics in real-time.
ReplyDeleteThank you so much for sharing this article. Get to know about Bitwissend, website design company in kerala.
ReplyDeleteThank you so much for sharing this article. Get to know about AK Smartshala, best pre school in ghaziabad. Download Preschool worksheets from AK Smartshala Worksheets.
ReplyDelete